Universality: Exclusivity alone does not create value because value is not automatically generated by monopolizing something that isn’t worthwhile. For a monopoly to effectively build value, the monopoly object must be scarce and in limited supply. Conversely, universality also creates value. Scarcity relates to the concept of universality as a correspondence, and the value of universality is also affected by the limitations imposed by scarcity. Nothing has absolute value; all values are merely relative. - Joseph’s “just my thoughts”
There are two types of businesses in this world when approached through the value of time and divided by the kinds of business: a business that requires discounting future value and a business that needs a surcharge. The bundle discount is a “future value discount business,” while the loan business is a “future value premium business.” Currently, it is unnecessary, but a bundle of sales is a business that offers customers incentives called “discounts” when they buy what they want in advance. The principal is not returned now in the loan business but must be returned in the future, providing the present incentive as a “delay repayment” in advance. Future discounts and surcharges can exist simultaneously in a business or a product; some enterprises will be ruined by mixing them if they change positions. - Joseph’s “just my thoughts”