Only when there is a surplus can new things be created. Surplus means having more than what is necessary. Creating something new requires an initial investment in advance. Whether it’s labor or capital—that is, whether labor is purchased with capital—energy can only be used for new work if there is a surplus. Only with prior investment can something entirely new, never seen before, be made. The existence of something that did not exist before in this world results from someone putting in their surplus first. - Joseph’s “just my thoughts”
The first civilizations of mankind originated in arid climates. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations are examples. A city is relatively safe from infectious diseases if it is drier than wet. The key is water. It is a river where there is water while it is dry. Therefore, the shape and location of the river are important. A dry, watery zone is formed when the river flows from north to south. In other words, the city was born under the influence of disease. - Joseph’s “just my thoughts”